Protein separation and purification in genetic engineering workshop

Protein separation and purification is the core technology in the biological industry and an important link in the pharmaceutical industry of genetic engineering workshops; the basic principles of separation and purification of recombinant proteins are capture, crude purification, and purification. The general process of separation and purification is : First of all, the biological material is pre...
Text label: genetic engineering workshop, protein separation and purification, genetic engineering pharmaceutical cleanroom construction

Protein isolation and purification in genetic engineering workshop


Protein separation and purification is the core technology in the biological industry and an important link in the pharmaceutical industry of genetic engineering workshops; the basic principles of separation and purification of recombinant proteins are capture, crude purification, and purification. The general process of separation and purification is : First pre-process the biological material to separate the recombinant protein from the cells, and then select an appropriate separation and purification method according to the properties of the protein to be purified, such as the isoelectric point of the protein, solubility in different salt solutions, etc. Precipitation separation method can be used for properties; membrane separation technology can be used according to protein molecular weight; ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieve chromatography, hydrophobic layer can be selected according to charge difference, molecular size, hydrophobicity and specificity of affinity with other biomolecules Chromatography and Chromatography.


Pretreatment of protein samples, the pretreatment process generally involves the separation or enrichment of cells or bacteria, and the methods of centrifugation and filtration are used, which requires the state of the fermentation broth and culture broth to improve the solid-liquid separation. Speed; the pretreatment of the fermentation broth or culture broth of genetically engineered strains and cells is to reduce the viscosity of the solution by adjusting PH, heating and other treatments under the premise of ensuring the stability of the biological activity of the protein, changing the properties of the solution, and making the state more conducive to Follow-up action. Some of the products expressed by genetically engineered strains and cells can be secreted outside the cells, but most of them exist in the cells. Only after the cells are broken can the products in the cells be released to the liquid phase to the greatest extent for further extraction. The methods of cell fragmentation include mechanical fragmentation method and non-mechanical fragmentation method; non-mechanical fragmentation method mainly uses physical factors and biochemical substances to break cells, mainly including freeze-thaw method, chemical lysis method, enzymatic hydrolysis method, etc.; mechanical fragmentation method It mainly uses the mechanical force of the liquid and solid phases to break the cells. The homogenate after cell fragmentation contains a large amount of cell debris, which must be separated before further extraction and separation. At present, methods such as filtration, centrifugation, and aqueous phase extraction are mainly used. Zhongjing Global Purification can provide consulting, planning, design, construction, installation, transformation and other supporting services for clean workshops and genetic engineering clean workshops.


Membrane separation technology is a fluid separation operation technology represented by polymer separation membranes. Because membrane separation technology has many advantages that other separation technologies do not have: concentration does not require phase change, separation coefficient is large, separation selectivity is strong, and it does not require Evaporator or refrigeration equipment, low investment cost and low energy consumption; membrane separation technology has many advantages and importance, and is widely used in biological and food industry, environmental engineering, pharmaceutical industry and many other aspects. Membrane separation technology uses a semi-permeable membrane as a selective barrier layer. There is a certain amount of energy difference on both sides of the membrane as a driving force, allowing some components to pass through while retaining other components in the mixture, and the migration of each component head through the membrane. It is a technology that achieves the purpose of separation with different rates; the membrane is a material with selective separation function, and the selective separation of the membrane is used to achieve the separation, purification and concentration of different components of the feed liquid. It is different from traditional filtration in that the membrane can Separation is carried out in the molecular range, and this process is a physical process, which does not require phase change and the addition of additives. The pore size of the membrane is generally micron. Ultrafiltration membranes, nanofiltration membranes and reverse osmosis membranes; according to different materials, they can be divided into inorganic membranes and organic membranes. Inorganic membranes are mainly ceramic membranes and metal membranes, which have low filtration accuracy and low selectivity.














Ultrafiltration is a membrane process between microfiltration and nanofiltration. The membrane pore size is between 0.05-1000μm. Ultrafiltration is a membrane separation technology that can purify, separate and concentrate solutions. The pressure difference on both sides of the membrane is the driving force, and the ultrafiltration membrane is used as the filter medium. Under a certain pressure, when water flows through the surface of the membrane, only water and small molecular substances smaller than the membrane pore size are allowed to pass through to achieve the purification of the solution, separation and concentration purposes. Microfiltration belongs to precision filtration. The basic principle is the sieve separation process. The application scope of microfiltration membrane is mainly to intercept particles, bacteria and other pollutants from the gas phase and liquid phase, so as to achieve the purpose of purification, separation and concentration. Nanofiltration is a membrane separation technology between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. Its molecular weight cutoff is in the range of 80-1000Da, and the pore size is several nanometers. Based on the superiority of nanofiltration separation technology, it is widely used in biochemical, pharmaceutical, Food industry and many other fields have broad application prospects.
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The demand for cleanrooms, especially in industries like pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, semiconductor manufacturing, and healthcare, has seen a significant rise. As these sectors continue to evolve, so does the necessity for adhering to stringent contamination control standards. 'Custom ISO Cleanrooms: Design Principles and Regulatory Compliance' aims to shed light on the intricacies of designing custom cleanrooms that meet industry regulations, ensuring safe and efficient operations. This article delves into the principles of designing such environments and emphasizes the critical regulations that govern them, ensuring you have a thorough understanding of the subject.

Understanding the Basics of ISO Cleanrooms

ISO cleanrooms are controlled environments where products are manufactured or scientific research is conducted. These spaces are designed to maintain low levels of pollutants such as dust, airborne microbes, aerosol particles, and chemical vapors. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sets distinct cleanroom classifications, with ISO 1 being the most stringent and ISO 9 being the least.

The control of contamination within the cleanroom is paramount. The foundational principle of cleanroom design is to flow clean air through the space and exhaust contaminated air, often using High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) or Ultra-Low Penetration Air (ULPA) filters. This ensures the air in the cleanroom remains pure and meets the necessary ISO classification for the intended operation.

Cleanrooms also feature specialized pharma machinery and materials to reduce the generation and retention of particles. For instance, the gowning procedures for personnel entering the cleanroom are meticulous. They include wearing sterile suits, gloves, masks, and sometimes even dedicated footwear. The architecture, including walls, floors, and ceilings, employs materials with smooth surfaces that do not shed particles and are easy to clean.

Another critical aspect of ISO cleanrooms is the pressurization. Positive pressure cleanrooms are designed to keep contaminants out. These are typically used in industries like pharmaceuticals where the internal environment must remain uncontaminated. Conversely, negative pressure cleanrooms are used in scenarios where the containment of hazardous particles within the room is crucial, such as in handling infectious diseases.

Continuous monitoring of the pharma clean room environment is necessary to ensure it meets the ISO standards. This involves real-time monitoring of factors like particle counts, airflow, temperature, and humidity. Any deviation from the set parameters can jeopardize the purity of the environment, making regular audits and maintenance critical for compliance and operational efficiency.

Designing Custom Cleanrooms: Principles and Considerations

Designing a custom cleanroom begins with a thorough understanding of the specific requirements of the processes that will be conducted within the space. One of the initial steps involves performing a detailed risk assessment to identify potential contamination sources and addressing them through design measures.

The layout of the cleanroom is essential. It must facilitate the unidirectional flow of air, materials, and personnel to minimize contamination risks. This often means designing distinct zones for different functions, like gowning, production, and packaging, with strict protocols for moving between these zones. The flow of materials and personnel should be planned to minimize cross-contamination.

Material choice is another critical consideration. The surfaces and finishes in a cleanroom must not only meet sterility requirements but also be durable enough to withstand regular cleaning with harsh disinfectants. For floors, seamless, non-porous materials like epoxy coatings are ideal. Similarly, walls and ceilings should be constructed of smooth, easy-to-clean materials like steel or specialized cleanroom panels.

Another vital aspect of cleanroom design is the HVAC system. It must be capable of not only providing adequate heating, ventilation, and air conditioning but also maintaining the correct air pressure, temperature, and humidity levels. The HVAC system must be designed to handle varying loads and provide redundancy to ensure continuous operation even in the event of a component failure.

Lighting within a cleanroom is yet another factor impacting both functionality and compliance. Cleanrooms require specific types of lighting that do not emit particles or heat. LED lighting is often preferred due to its energy efficiency and low heat emission. The lighting fixtures must also be sealed to prevent contaminants from entering the cleanroom through them.

Future scalability and flexibility must be considered in the design phase. Industries’ requirements might evolve over time; hence, incorporating modular design elements that allow for easy modification or expansion can save costs and downtime in the long run. Finally, collaboration with experts in cleanroom design and continuous feedback from cleanroom users can provide valuable insights to refine and enhance the design.

Regulatory Compliance: Navigating the Standards

Ensuring regulatory compliance in cleanroom design and operation is crucial to meet industry standards and protect public health and safety. Various regulations and guidelines must be adhered to, with agencies like the FDA, EMA, and ISO imposing stringent requirements on the design, construction, and operation of cleanrooms.

The FDA’s regulations for cleanrooms, outlined in guidelines like the Federal Drug Administration's (FDA’s) Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) regulations, provide a framework for manufacturing processes, packaging, and storage conditions. These guidelines emphasize the need for a contamination-free environment, meticulous documentation, and validation of the cleaning and disinfection processes.

Similarly, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) provides equivalent guidelines for cleanroom standards in the European sector, emphasizing contamination prevention, risk management, and meeting specific air cleanliness levels as per ISO standards.

ISO 14644-1 is the primary standard for cleanroom classification, detailing the maximum allowable particle count for various ISO classes. Cleanrooms must be tested and certified to meet the specific ISO classification for their intended use. Monitoring must be continuous to ensure ongoing compliance with the set standards.

Additionally, ISO 14698 focuses on biocontamination control, providing guidelines for designing cleanrooms to limit microbial contamination. This standard addresses the risk of biohazards, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and controlling microbial levels within the cleanroom environment.

Achieving compliance is not a one-time event but requires ongoing vigilance. Companies must maintain detailed records of their cleanroom operations, including cleaning schedules, maintenance logs, and particle count reports. Regular audits by internal teams and external regulatory bodies help ensure continued adherence to the required standards.

Staff training is vital to regulatory compliance. Personnel must be trained on the correct procedures for entering and working within the cleanroom, proper gowning techniques, and the importance of maintaining sterility. Regular refresher courses and assessments can help maintain high standards of compliance.

Challenges and Solutions in Custom Design

Designing a custom cleanroom entails various challenges that require innovative solutions to ensure compliance and functionality. One significant challenge is managing the balance between maintaining a stringent contamination control environment and providing a workspace that is comfortable for personnel.

Temperature and humidity control are often critical concerns. Cleanrooms can sometimes require extreme environments to meet specific standards, which may not be comfortable for the personnel working within them. Advanced HVAC designs that provide localized climate control or ergonomic design elements like anti-fatigue matting and adjustable workstations can help address these challenges.

Another challenge is ensuring the integrity of the cleanroom environment during maintenance and equipment replacement. Designing cleanrooms with easily accessible service panels and using modular components that can be swapped out without compromising the clean environment can mitigate these issues.

Contamination control is an ongoing challenge. Even with the best designs, human error or material flaws can cause contamination. Implementing strict protocols, continuous training, and robust monitoring systems help minimize this risk.

Cost is a significant factor in custom cleanroom design. The upfront costs for design, construction, and pharma machinery can be substantial. However, focusing on long-term operational efficiency and considering factors like energy efficiency, ease of maintenance, and future scalability can provide cost savings over time.

Space limitations within existing facilities can pose a challenge when a new cleanroom is required. In such cases, prefabricated modular cleanrooms, which can be installed within existing structures, offer a flexible and often cost-effective solution. These modular units can be custom designed to fit the available space while meeting the required ISO standards.

Lastly, integrating the newest technology presents both a challenge and an opportunity. Advancements in automation, IoT, and real-time monitoring can enhance cleanroom operations but also require careful planning and integration. Collaboration with technology providers and staying updated with industry trends can help overcome this challenge.

The Future of Custom ISO Cleanrooms

As technology advances and industries evolve, the future of custom ISO cleanrooms promises even more sophisticated solutions for contamination control and efficiency. Innovations in materials science, HVAC systems, and automation will play a pivotal role in this evolution.

Smart cleanrooms, equipped with IoT sensors and advanced monitoring systems, will allow for real-time, remote monitoring of environmental parameters, ensuring immediate response to any deviations from the set standards. This level of automation can significantly reduce human error and enhance overall operational efficiency.

Sustainable design practices are likely to become more prominent in the future of cleanrooms. Increasing emphasis on energy efficiency and reducing the carbon footprint will drive the adoption of greener materials, energy-efficient HVAC systems, and renewable energy sources in cleanroom design and construction.

Advancements in materials science will lead to the development of new surfaces and coatings that not only meet cleanliness standards but also offer increased durability and ease of maintenance. These materials can reduce downtime and the need for frequent maintenance, improving the overall productivity of the cleanroom.

Customization will continue to be critical, with a move towards even more modular and adaptable cleanroom solutions. This flexibility will allow industries to quickly adjust their cleanrooms to meet changing needs, whether it's scaling up production or integrating new technologies.

Ensuring robust cybersecurity measures will become increasingly crucial as cleanrooms integrate more digital and automated systems. Protecting sensitive operational data and maintaining the integrity of the cleanroom environment from cyber threats will be a key consideration.

In summarizing, the field of custom ISO cleanrooms is dynamic and continually evolving. Ensuring regulatory compliance and embracing innovative design principles are essential for staying ahead. By focusing on contamination control, proper layout, material choice, and continuous monitoring, industries can create safe and efficient cleanroom environments.

This exploration into the principles and regulatory compliance of custom ISO cleanrooms underscores the complexity and importance of these critical environments. As you plan or enhance your cleanroom, considering these factors will ensure that you meet both current and future demands, maintaining the highest standards of operation.

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